ased on draft in development Project Performance Domains Stakeholder Project Work Uncertainty Team Delivery Planning Development Approach & Life CycleThe Project Management Standard and the PMBOK Guide - Seventh Edition respond to all four elements emphasized by stakeholders in their feedback. The review maintains and enhances the credibility and relevance of the PMBOK Guide. Improves readability and utilization of the PMBOK Guide. It recognizes that there is enduring value to some ...The Project Management Standard and the PMBOK Guide - Seventh Edition respond to all four elements emphasized by stakeholders in their feedback. The review maintains and enhances the credibility and relevance of the PMBOK Guide. Improves readability and utilization of the PMBOK Guide. It recognizes that there is enduring value to some ...Tratar de memorizar 49 procesos con sus respectivas entradas, herramientas y salidas es muy complicado y con el paso del tiempo se olvidan. Una manera de aprender todos los procesos sin tener que…PMBOK commonalities include parts of Project Integration Management as well as Project Scope, Risk, and Stakeholder Management. While there are clear commonalities between the BABOK and PMBOK Knowledge Areas, each has its own uniqueness when explored in depth. An orientation to project management versus business analysis is a clear distinction.PMBOK ® Guide. Unlock effective project management in any industry with the PMBOK ® Guide. This renowned book highlights The Standard for Project Management, serving as the foundation for a vast body of knowledge in this field, captured and summarized for your convenience.. Get Started TodayMay 12, 2023 · According to PMBOK, these are ‘processes that are necessary to monitor, evaluate, and control the progress and performance of a project, identifying all the areas in the plan that require changes, and initiating those changes.’. Examples of activities in this phase are managing costs, scheduling, and the focus on scope. 5. 有名なプロジェクトマネジメントの教科書pmbokですが、第7版で「別の書物か？」というほど大改訂され、世界中に驚きと戸惑いが拡散しています。この記事では、pmbokとはどんな書物で、第7版でどのように変わり、なぜ変わったかについて分かりやすく解説します。The PMBOK® Guide – Sixth Edition – PMI’s flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the Sixth Edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these practices integrate in project settings.PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the …Download the PMI Process Group Flow. In October 2022, PMI released the PMI Process Group Practice Guide that replaces the PMBOK Guide 6th Edition. Ricardo recorded a video about the changes, and you can watch it here. The PMI Process Group Practice Guide focuses on the 49 processes and the ten knowledge areas by process …Aug 1, 2021 · PMBOK Guide – Seventh Edition Has Evolved . Your projects are changing our world. And the way you manage those projects has changed, too. The PMBOK Guide is built on the collective knowledge of a wide range of experts for a guide that can help you identify the right delivery approach for your project outcomes. PMI's Standards and Publications department announces that it is initiating development to revise The PMBOK® Guide. Building upon the Principles-based Seventh Edition, extensive market research has been conducted to understand best practices in the field and content required to serve the needs of the project management community.30 Jun 2020. A new edition of the PMBOK® Guide came out in 2021. Find out about what changed and what hasn't changed in this preview of the influential resource. Every few years, PMI updates the PMBOK® Guide. This resource is widely viewed as one of the more influential documents in the project management field, so there’s usually a lot of ...Guía de los Fundamentos para la Dirección de Proyectos (Guía del PMBOK®) - Sexta Edición. Fe de Erratas-3. a . Impresión. NOTA: Las siguientes erratas solo se refieren a la primera y segunda impresión de la Guía del PMBOK ® —Sexta Edición. Para verificar la tirada de su libro (o PDF), consulte la parte inferior de la página de derechos de autor (quePMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh ...A First Look Under the Hood of The PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition. A new edition of the PMBOK® Guide came out in 2021. Find out about what changed and what hasn't changed in this preview of the influential resource. Every few years, PMI updates the PMBOK® Guide. This resource is widely viewed as one of the more influential documents in the ...Part 1 A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) Page Correction. 75, 76 Figs 4-2 and 4-3. Removed bullet for benefits management plan as input for business documents. 98, 99 Figs 4-8, 4-9. Removed bullet for source selection criteria as input for project documents. 105 Fig 4-10.PMBOK is an essential tool for project managers, providing a comprehensive approach to project management. By using PMBOK, project managers can ensure that their projects are managed effectively and efficiently, and that they deliver the desired results. Whether you are new to project management or an experienced project manager, …A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)—Fifth Edition. Kenneth H. Rose PMP, Kenneth H. Rose PMP. Reviewer. Director, Peninsula Center for Project Management in Hampton, VA, USA. Winner of the 2006 PMI David I. Cleland Project Management Literature Award.PMBOK Guide 5th edition pdf is also available as free download for PMI members. PMBOK Guide 6th Ed: The 6th edition is the largest shift in PMI's foundational standards since its first edition. It added Agile processes and changed knowledge area names. The project team is now managed as part of human resource management.Безкоштовний PMBOK українською. Відтепер кожен учасник професійної спільноти проєктних менеджерів України може користуватися головним стандартом PMI безкоштовно. У зв’язку із воєнною ...Planificar de gestión de los costos. Es tiempo de empezar a pensar como vamos a estimar los costos del proyecto, hay que tener en cuenta las actividades y los recursos así como aquellos imprevistos que pueden presentarse. Hay que definir que nivel de precisión deseamos en las estimaciones de los mismos.The Project Management Institute's Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a very structured, analytical outline of a somewhat abstract topic. Using it to manage projects is like trying to enjoy a play by reading the script. Although the relevant information is there, it is difficult to put into practice without external training.The Project Management Standard and the PMBOK Guide - Seventh Edition respond to all four elements emphasized by stakeholders in their feedback. The review maintains and enhances the credibility and relevance of the PMBOK Guide. Improves readability and utilization of the PMBOK Guide. It recognizes that there is enduring value to some ...What is PMBOK? PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge. Being familiar with PMBOK can help you to be familiar with the standardized processes for project management. It is an especially valuable tool for those studying for the Project Management Professional (PMP) Certification exam. However, it is useful for other reasons as well.According to the PMBOK Guide, you start by defining the project in a project charter . The project charter is a summary of what needs to be done, who's responsible, the timeline for each stage, and the resources allocated to the project. Use this presentation template to show the project charter to stakeholders.In project management, the PMBOK provides a way or transforming isolated processes into a complete, standardized, and collaborative effort. 47 process are classified under 5 different process groups, that associated with the corresponding knowledge areas in the following table: Initiation. Planning.A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Fifth Edition EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 6/16/2018 10:56 PM via LAUREATE EDUCATION SERVICES AUSTRALIA AN: 565869 ; Project Management Institute.; Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)-Fifth Edition Account: ns251549.main ...According to the PMBOK Guide, you start by defining the project in a project charter . The project charter is a summary of what needs to be done, who's responsible, the timeline for each stage, and the resources allocated to the project. Use this presentation template to show the project charter to stakeholders.In A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Fifth Edition, the Project Management Office (PMO) is defined as "a management structure that standardizes the project-related governance processes and facilitates the sharing of resources, methodologies, tools, and techniques" (PMI, 2013a, p. 10).PMBOK 5 - Process Groups and Knowledge Areas Matrix. The Matrix shows the Knowledge Areas down the side, the Process Groups along the top and then maps the difference processes in the relevant boxes where those two axes cross. For example, at the junction of Project Integration Management and the Initiating Process Group you have the process to ...A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Seventh Edition has been updated to better align to how people work today and help you be more proactive, innovative, and nimble. Advertisement. Featured Selections. The Standard for Program Management — 5th Edition.Learning and Professional Development. Focusing on specific skillsets, these PMI offerings help you learn, test and earn a digital badge to showcase your achievements. View Our Offerings. Explore PMI’s certification framework and find out how getting certified can help you discover the next step on your journey to becoming a project manager.Bring the power of project management to your team. Grow your business or non-profit with the very same building blocks trusted by many of the world’s top organizations. View Resources to Advance Your Organization. Welcome to PMI! Explore our project management certifications, resources, and global community to unleash your potential …Guide - Fifth Edition. Software Extension to PMBOK ® Guide - Fifth Edition (2013). This standard, developed by PMI jointly with IEEE Computer Society, provides guidance on the management of software development projects and bridges the gap between the traditional, predictive approach described in the PMBOK ® Guide and iterative approaches ...はじめに pmbokといえば、pmiが世界中のプロマネの実務家から意見を集めてプロジェクトマネジメントについて知識体系化している分厚い本、というイメージです。 いや、でした。。。以前の第6版までは（7版からはすごく薄い）。 2021年8月に第7版が発表さ ...What is PMBOK in project management? PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge, and it is the entire collection of processes, best practices, ter...This Standard for Organizational Project Management (OPM) provides guidance to organizational management, PMO staff, and practitioners on these topics. It spans the value delivery landscape and can be used with all approaches to project delivery—including waterfall, agile, hybrid and next practices (those future approaches yet to be determined).第六版《项目管理知识体系指南》（《pmbok® 指南》） 勘误表（第三次印刷） 注：以下勘误表仅适用于第一次和第二次印刷的第六版《项目管理知识体系指南》（《pmbok ® 指南》）。 要确 认图书（或pdf）的印刷版本，请参见版权页（声明页和目录之前）的底部。ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Page_number_confidence. 95.62. Ppi. 300. Scanner. Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.4. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) is PMI's flagship publication and is a fundamental resource for effective project...Apr 28, 2024 · PMI’s Standards and Publications department announces that it is initiating development to revise The PMBOK® Guide. Building upon the Principles-based Seventh Edition, extensive market research has been conducted to understand best practices in the field and content required to serve the needs of the project management community. The PMBOK Guide is known by its adherent as the global standard for project management. It describes a conceptual level of knowledge and practice that are considered essential in the profession of project management. Therefore, the PMBOK Guide offers basic project management information about `what to do' rather than `how to do it'.PMBOK 6 Knowledge Areas. 2 of the knowledge areas are renamed: Time management will be renamed to Schedule Management - this change will place an emphasis the importance of scheduling in project management.; Human Resource management will be renaming to Resource Management - this change will also place a boarder perspective on all resources that a project will need; for example: materials ...The PMBOK Guide is known by its adherent as the global standard for project management. It describes a conceptual level of knowledge and practice that are considered essential in the profession of project management. Therefore, the PMBOK Guide offers basic project management information about `what to do' rather than `how to do it'.PMBOK, or the Project Management Body of Knowledge, is a widely recognized set of standards and best practices for project management. It covers five process groups, 10 knowledge areas, and 49 ...PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge and is a process-based project management methodology (actually a framework, but more on that later), developed by the Project Management Institute (PMI). PMBOK constitutes a collection of project management processes, best practices, terminologies, guidelines, and tools accepted as standard ...Tailoring Process as Outlined in the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition 7 1 Select Initial Development Approach SELECT: • Predictive • Adaptive • Hybrid 2 Tailor for Organization 4 Implement Ongoing Improvement 3 Tailor for Project Choose a development approach best suited to the endeavor Modify based on organizational requirements Adjust ...PMBOK Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK Guide …PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge, and it is the entire collection of processes, best practices, terminologies, and guidelines that are accepted as standard within the project management industry. PMBOK is considered valuable for companies as it helps them standardize practices across various departments, tailor processes to ...A First Look Under the Hood of The PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition. A new edition of the PMBOK® Guide came out in 2021. Find out about what changed and what hasn't changed in this preview of the influential resource. Every few years, PMI updates the PMBOK® Guide. This resource is widely viewed as one of the more influential documents in the ...Here are the ten key knowledge areas outlined in the PMBOK Guide. 1. Project integration management. Project integration management is an essential component of project management. It involves overseeing the processes used to bring together various project elements. This includes the physical and digital features and the people involved in the ...The Project Management Body of Knowledge ( PMBOK) is a publication of the Project Management Institute (PMI). The first version of the PMBOK was published in 1987, the second version in 1996, the third version in 2004, the fourth in 2008, and the fifth in 2013. Members of the PMI can download a digital copy of the PMBOK for free. roect anagement nstitute nc All rights resered Value rinciples o roect anagement Stewardship Systems Thinking Complexity Team eadership Risk Stakeholders Here are the ten key knowledge areas outlined in the PMBOK Guide. 1. Project integration management. Project integration management is an essential component of project … 1. There must be a project as defined in the PMBOK, and not just a task or an ongoing activity. The logic of this should be self-evident. PM is a tool for effective and efficient management of projects. It is not necessarily a useful or an appropriate system for ongoing factory production or for making a phone call. 2. Bring the power of project management to your team. Grow your business or non-profit with the very same building blocks trusted by many of the world's top organizations. View Resources to Advance Your Organization. Welcome to PMI! Explore our project management certifications, resources, and global community to unleash your potential and ...The PMBOK® Guide–Sixth Edition – PMI’s flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the Sixth Edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these practices integrate in project settings.The PMBOK® GUIDE 6th edition is divided into three parts: Part 1: A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® GUIDE® GUIDE) Part 2: The Standard for Project Management. Part 3: Appendices, Glossary, and Index. Additionally, PMI included Agile Practice Guide to the PMBOK® GUIDE, which is not within the scope of this document. PMBOK, or the Project Management Body of Knowledge, is a collection of standards, best practices, and procedures for planning and executing on projects successfully. It was originally published by PMI in 1996 and is now in its 6th edition. If you’ve ever worked on a team tasked with a goal of completing a project within a set timeframe, you ... A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide ) - PMI's flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the sixth edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these …A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK® guide). -- Fifth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-935589-67-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Project management. I. Project Management Institute. II. Title: PMBOK guide. HD69.P75G845 2013 658.4'04--dc23 2012046112由于从提出知识体系到具体实施 资格认证 有一整套的科学手段，因而使 pmi 推出的pmbok充满了活力，并得到了广泛的认可。 国际标准组织 （iso） 以pmbok为框架制订了 iso10006标准。 同时iso 通过对pmi 资格认证体系的考察，向pmi颁发了 iso9001 质量管理体系证书，表明pmi 在发展、维护、评估、推广和管理 ...Move Your Project Management Career Forward. With Career Navigator, you can build a personalized career road map in 3 easy steps. Build Your Base Camp — Take inventory of where you are as a professional.. Get Your Career Roadmap — Get personalized action steps from our recommendation engine.. Grow Everyday — Define your professional goals and what you need to achieve them with our new ...A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Seventh Edition has been updated to better align to how people work today and help you be more proactive, innovative, and nimble. Advertisement. Featured Selections. The Standard for Program Management — 5th Edition.The changes from PMBOK® Guide - Fifth Edition to PMBOK® Guide - Sixth Edition reflect the type of environment project managers are working in today. The PMI ® is run by volunteers who are active and experienced project managers. They revised and updated the PMBOK® Guide - Sixth Edition in response to feedback from PMI® stakeholders, and ...PMI has recruited volunteers to create industry standards, such as "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge", which has been recognized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). In 2012 ISO adapted the project management processes from the PMBOK Guide 4th edition. Bio from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Read full bioIf the problem persists contact the administrator. PMI offers an advanced selection of research in our Learning Library articles. Learn more about project management, agile, business analysis, and more here.Essential project management forms aligned to the PMBOK ® Guide—Sixth Edition. A Project Manager's Book of Forms is an essential companion to the Project Management Institute's A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge.Packed with ready-made forms for managing every stage in any project, this book offers both new and …PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the …Enjoy a free download of the PMBOK ® Guide and other PMI Standards, perfect for learning and reference. Also, get unlimited access to PMIstandards+ ™ for instant, searchable content from our Standards and Guides, along with exclusive articles, videos, graphics, and templates that apply across various industries and approaches. View the PMBOK ...PMBOK 7, PMBOK Guide. The 7th Edition of the PMI’s Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge has been out for a year. And it was a big change. So we’ll answer your 20 most important questions about the new PMBOK Guide 7th Edition. We’ve also created some detailed articles to give you a full analysis of much of the content.PMBOK, or the Project Management Body of Knowledge, is a widely recognized set of standards and best practices for project management. It covers five process groups, 10 knowledge areas, and 49 ... This framework standard identifies ways to improve the personal competencies you need to be successful. Increase your capacity for personal growth with guidance for refining the three areas of…. Practice standards describe the use of a tool, technique or process identified in the PMBOK<sup>®</sup> Guide or other foundational standards. Online Learning Anytime, Anywhere. Learn project management or agile basics. Earn and maintain your Project Management Professional (PMP)® certification. Or, prep for the Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM)® exam. All courses are industry-leading quality—and all count for Professional Development Units (PDUs) or Continuing ...fourth printing of the PMBOK® Guide - Sixth Edition. In order to verify the print run of your book (or PDF), refer to the bottom of the copyright page. The last numeral in the string beginning with "10 9 8" etc., denotes the printing of that particular copy. Copies of the corrected pages are attached for convenience.members can purchase the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition in an eBook and print formats via IPG, Eurospan, and other resellers. 11. How much will it cost? The list price of the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition is US$99. PMI members are able to access a digital PDF version of the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition in English for free and …While PMBOK recommends assigning project phases according to a project’s life cycle, project teams can follow their own system depending on their industry, organizational policies, and other relevant factors. For example, teams and organizations focused on monitoring the usage of resources can use the critical chain project …PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new …Tratar de memorizar 49 procesos con sus respectivas entradas, herramientas y salidas es muy complicado y con el paso del tiempo se olvidan. Una manera de aprender todos los procesos sin tener que…A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK (R)) Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK (R) Guide - Seventh Edition is structured around eight project performance domains.PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh ...A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK(r) Guide) Fifth Edition reflects the collaboration and knowledge of working project managers and provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects. This internationally recognized standard gives project managers the essential tools to practice project management and deliver organizational results. This framework standard identifies ways to improve the personal competencies you need to be successful. Increase your capacity for personal growth with guidance for refining the three areas of…. Practice standards describe the use of a tool, technique or process identified in the PMBOK<sup>®</sup> Guide or other foundational standards.
The PMBOK® Guide – Sixth Edition now contains detailed information about agile; while the Agile Practice Guide, created in partnership with Agile Alliance®, serves as a bridge to connect waterfall and agile. Together they are a …. Coworldle
The Standard for Program Management – Fourth Edition is the definitive guide for individuals and organizations seeking to mature their program management practices. It is principle-based, making it a powerful tool for a broad range of organizations, regardless of project delivery approach. The Standard for Program Management – Fourth ... The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide is a comprehensive guidebook published by the Project Management Institute (PMI) that outlines the best practices, tools, and techniques used in project management. It was written to standardize the project management process to be used effectively in various fields.This copy is a PMI member benefit, not for distribution, sale or reproduction. II A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) — Fourth Edition ©2008 Project Management Institute, 14 Campus Blvd., Newtown Square, PA 19073-3299 USAThe Project Management Body of Knowledge ( PMBOK) is a publication of the Project Management Institute (PMI). The first version of the PMBOK was published in 1987, the second version in 1996, the third version in 2004, the fourth in 2008, and the fifth in 2013. Members of the PMI can download a digital copy of the PMBOK for free.PMBOK. The Project Management Institute (PMI) published the first Project Management Body of Knowledge in 1983 as an attempt to document and standardise generally accepted project management information and practices. The current edition, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Fifth Edition, was released …Need help on how to get work done using traditional project management practices? Then, Process Groups: A Practice Guide is the right supplemental guide for you. This important companion to A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), offers useful and practical guidance for a predictive approach to project management practices.pmbokとは、プロジェクト管理に関するノウハウや手法を体系的にまとめたもので、今ではプロジェクトマネジメントの世界標準（事実上の標準）として世界各国に浸透しています。内容は4年に1度くらいのペースで改訂されています。A Guide to the PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK ® GUIDE ) Sixth Edition. ax lerate. Download Free PDF View PDF. A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE PMI Standards Committee. deby gomez. Download Free PDF View PDF. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America.The act of creating PMI's initial A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) was a massive undertaking involving numerous project management practitioners discussing and debating the finer points of the elements essential to the discipline. This article summarizes one of these discussions and debates, one that occurred as a workshop held during the 1985 PMI Seminars ...PMI's Standards and Publications department announces that it is initiating development to revise The PMBOK® Guide. Building upon the Principles-based Seventh Edition, extensive market research has been conducted to understand best practices in the field and content required to serve the needs of the project management community.PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh ...PMBOK is the abbreviated form of Project Management Body of Knowledge. On the other hand, PRINCE2 is the abbreviated form of Projects in Controlled Environments. PMBOK was established by the USA-based Projects Management Institute (PMI), and PRINCE2 was developed by Axelos, which is based in the UK. Both these frameworks …An American National Standard ANSI/PMI 99-001-2008 Project Management Institute A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK® Guide)—Fourth Edition This is a preview of "PMI FS-PMBOK-2008"..